Course Introduction

MODULE 1 – CONCEPT AND FUNDAMENTALS OF DNA

This module gives the information about the DNA fingerprinting such as structure of DNA, packaging and how it is used for the criminal investigation purpose. DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique for establishing the identity of an individual and to create a link between the biological evidence and a suspect in criminal investigation. This module covers the experiments of DNA and RNA, which is used as a genetic material, and also contain the information about, how it helps in criminal investigation.

MODULE 2 – TYPES OF DNA AND RNA

Present module describes detailed information about DNA and RNA and the types of DNA and RNA. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a genetic material and carries the genetic information and of three types which are, B- DNA, A- DNA and Z- DNA. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is also defined in this module and the structure and types are also mentioned. RNA is single stranded molecules which helps in protein synthesis and are of three types such as, m- RNA, t- RNA and r- RNA.

MODULE 3 – HUMAN GENETICS

This module defines the information of human genetics and their developmental history. The concept of gene such as structure of gene, history, split gene, pseudo gene, non-coding gene, overlapping gene and multi gene families are also described. This module also tells about the Mendelian inheritance, multiple alleles, human genome structure and its delivery. The causes, types and detection of mutation and heredity and the variation in human genetics are also very well defined in this module. It includes molecular basis of heritable human diseases, gene mapping and human genome project.

MODULE 4 – EXTRACTION AND EVOLUTION OF DNA

This module defines the DNA, a genetic material used for the individualization and the method through which, DNA can be extracted from the different sources: blood, semen, saliva, bones, hair, teeth, body tissues and nails. This module also include the function of restriction enzymes through which the DNA are recognized at a specific site. The DNA Extraction methods include the Organic (Phenol-Chloroform) Extraction, Non-Organic (Proteinase K and Salting out), Chelex (Ion Exchange Resin) Extraction, FTA Paper, Silica Based (Silica Exchange Resin-Qiagen) and Qia Amp Extraction. DNA is found in very low quantity which create the problem for the examination, for this problem, the PCR technique is used to increase the DNA quantity. DNA is analyzed through Slot-Blot Method (Quantitative), Yield-gel Analysis (Qualitative), UV/Visible Spectrophotometer, Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting.

MODULE 5 – DNA FINGERPRINTING

This module contains DNA fingerprinting which is a method used to individualize the person through its unique pattern. Every individual has the different pattern/ sequences called polymorphism. These patterns are detected by different methods i.e. HLA typing, RFLP analysis and PCR amplification. By the help of DNA, the sex determination can be estimated through the techniques like AMP FLP, RAPD, Y-STR and Mitochondrial DNA. Now days, DNA are analyzed through the DNA chip, an advance technique

MODULE 6 – EVALUATION OF RESULT CONTAMINATION OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

This procedure is used as one worth of identification once an assailant has left some kind of biological fluid or blood sample at the crime scene and when no visual credentials is possible. It will define you isolation from blood, purification and quantifications, preparation of lectins and testing their activities against body fluids & tissues, frequency calculations, interpretation, allele frequency determination, Match probability- database and quality control and certification and accreditation.

MODULE 1 – CONCEPT AND FUNDAMENTALS OF DNA

This module gives the information about the DNA fingerprinting such as structure of DNA, packaging and how it is used for the criminal investigation purpose. DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique for establishing the identity of an individual and to create a link between the biological evidence and a suspect in criminal investigation. This module covers the experiments of DNA and RNA, which is used as a genetic material, and also contain the information about, how it helps in criminal investigation.

MODULE 2 – TYPES OF DNA AND RNA

Present module describes detailed information about DNA and RNA and the types of DNA and RNA. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a genetic material and carries the genetic information and of three types which are, B- DNA, A- DNA and Z- DNA. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is also defined in this module and the structure and types are also mentioned. RNA is single stranded molecules which helps in protein synthesis and are of three types such as, m- RNA, t- RNA and r- RNA.

MODULE 3 – HUMAN GENETICS

This module defines the information of human genetics and their developmental history. The concept of gene such as structure of gene, history, split gene, pseudo gene, non-coding gene, overlapping gene and multi gene families are also described. This module also tells about the Mendelian inheritance, multiple alleles, human genome structure and its delivery. The causes, types and detection of mutation and heredity and the variation in human genetics are also very well defined in this module. It includes molecular basis of heritable human diseases, gene mapping and human genome project.

MODULE 4 – POPULATION GENETICS

This module define the Population genetics is a subdivision of genetics that deal with the genetic difference within and between the populations. On the basis of genetic drift and inbreeding coefficient, the medelian population is defined. This module also include the allele and genotype frequencies which remain constant throughout the population in the absence of evolutionary influence defined by Hardy – Weinberg because the gene flow occur from one generation to another generation. Sometime the unfavorable genetic material (genetic load) in the genes of a population due to the mutation.

MODULE 5 – EXTRACTION AND EVOLUTION OF DNA

This module defines the DNA, a genetic material used for the individualization and the method through which, DNA can be extracted from the different sources: blood, semen, saliva, bones, hair, teeth, body tissues and nails. This module also include the function of restriction enzymes through which the DNA are recognized at a specific site. The DNA Extraction methods include the Organic (Phenol-Chloroform) Extraction, Non-Organic (Proteinase K and Salting out), Chelex (Ion Exchange Resin) Extraction, FTA Paper, Silica Based (Silica Exchange Resin-Qiagen) and Qia Amp Extraction. DNA is found in very low quantity which create the problem for the examination, for this problem, the PCR technique is used to increase the DNA quantity. DNA is analyzed through Slot-Blot Method (Quantitative), Yield-gel Analysis (Qualitative), UV/Visible Spectrophotometer, Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting.

MODULE 6 – DNA FINGERPRINTING

This module contains DNA fingerprinting which is a method used to individualize the person through its unique pattern. Every individual has the different pattern/ sequences called polymorphism. These patterns are detected by different methods i.e. HLA typing, RFLP analysis and PCR amplification. By the help of DNA, the sex determination can be estimated through the techniques like AMP FLP, RAPD, Y-STR and Mitochondrial DNA. Now days, DNA are analyzed through the DNA chip, an advance technique.

MODULE 7 – EVALUATION OF RESULT CONTAMINATION OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

This procedure is used as one worth of identification once an assailant has left some kind of biological fluid or blood sample at the crime scene and when no visual credentials is possible. It will define you isolation from blood, purification and quantifications, preparation of lectins and testing their activities against body fluids & tissues, frequency calculations, interpretation, allele frequency determination, Match probability- database and quality control and certification and accreditation.

MODULE 8 – IMPORTANCE AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

This module is framed to make the students understand what actually DNA fingerprinting is all about. This module would help students gather information and use of application of DNA techniques in the legal proceedings. Under this module, legal standard for admissibility of DNA profiling- procedural & ethical concerns and status of development of DNA profiling in India & abroad.

The DNA Fingerprinting has a lot to offer and the handling and analysis of biological evidence is an Expert’s work. The learner, through the course, is made well aware of the basics of the DNA as the genetic material and challenges to the cases that might be faced as an expert. Hence, providing excellence through professional views and with some training as well.

The Expert has to perform routine DNA tests and tackle the cases of sexual assaults, paternity-maternity issues, missing persons and other related criminal offenses. The evidence of such cases has to be handled with utmost care and precision. The expert has to opine unbiased following the analysis. 

The learner may look out for job opportunities in Forensic laboratories both at private and Government level. They can work as a Faculty in any college/university of Forensic major. Additionally, they can opt for working as a medical practitioner in testing laboratories as well. 

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